Skip to main content
TechGeneTechnology histories
中文

Graph

Explore evolution, dependencies and applications, or find a path between two technologies.

Find a path between technologies

Current published content · 85 technologies · 121 relations

Domains (select any)
First appearance
Relation types

Global technology graph

Groups help navigation and do not define technology categories.

Selected technologyCurrent rangeOutside this rangeDrag to pan · Scroll to zoom
All relations in this rangeLoaded · 121 relations
Technologies85 technologies
Control of fireArchaeological evidence of controlled fire use appears from about 1 million years agoEnergy、MaterialsLime burningArchaeological evidence of lime burning dates to around 10000 BCEEnergy、Industry、MaterialsMetal smeltingEarly metal smelting appeared from around 5000 BCE; large-scale furnace workshops emerged in the Bronze AgeEnergy、Industry、MaterialsCharcoal productionKnown in antiquity; became a metallurgical fuel before and around modern industrializationEnergy、Industry、MaterialsPozzolanic binder technologyHydraulic applications combining lime and volcanic ash existed by at least the 1st century BCEIndustry、MaterialsCementHydraulic binders existed in ancient Rome; modern industrial cement developed in the 18th–19th centuriesIndustry、MaterialsConcreteMature applications existed in ancient Rome; modern cement concrete developed widely in the 19th centuryIndustry、MaterialsLime mortarUsed in antiquity; the sources in this review confirm established lime-binding practices in ancient RomeIndustry、MaterialsGunpowder (black powder)Approximately the 9th–11th centuries: from early Chinese accounts to the Wujing Zongyao (《武经总要》)Materials、MilitaryFire lance (early flame-projecting tubular firearm)By 1132: Chinese texts record the use of fire lancesMilitaryTuhuoqiang1259: written record of the Shouchun tuhuoqiangMilitaryHand cannon14th century: surviving artifacts or written records in both China and EuropeMilitaryMatchlock firearmMid-to-late 15th century: development of matchlock mechanisms in EuropeMilitaryRiflingLate 15th century: the technology was already present in German regionsIndustry、MilitaryWheellock firearmAround 1500: wheellock mechanisms appear in EuropeMilitaryFlintlock firearmsEarly 17th century: the mature French flintlock mechanism; other spark-striking designs preceded itMilitaryBinary numeral systemDeveloped in the 17th century; used in electronic computing in the 20th centuryIndustry、InformationSteam enginesImproved in the 18th century and adopted in factories, mines, and transportEnergy、Industry、TransportBreech-loading firearm technologyEarlier origins; a Ferguson flintlock breechloader from around 1780 was confirmed in this reviewMilitaryPercussion ignition1807: Forsyth's percussion mechanism patent marks a definite milestoneMilitaryInterchangeable-parts manufactureDeveloped in the early 19th century; Hall's project of 1819–1822 is a verified exampleIndustryMillingEarly 19th century: specialized cutting machinery developed by Hall and othersIndustryCaplock firearmFirst half of the 19th century: percussion-cap ignition developed and entered military useMilitaryPortland cement1824: Portland cement patent; key advances in clinker production in the 1840sIndustry、MaterialsElectromagnetic inductionDiscovered in 1831; self-excited generators developed in the late 19th centuryEnergy、Information、Mathematics and MethodologyElectric generatorsDeveloped during the 19th century from magneto-electric machines into practical self-excited generatorsEnergy、IndustryPhotovoltaic cell1839: discovery of the photovoltaic effect; 1954: silicon photovoltaic cells became practical for power generationEnergy、Industry、MaterialsMinié ball1840s: development of the Minié ball, with a clearly documented milestone around 1848MilitaryPercussion rifle-musketMid-19th century: an important stage in military rifled muzzleloadersMilitaryBoolean algebra1847–1937Industry、InformationReinforced concreteDeveloped from reinforced products into structural systems in the mid-to-late 19th centuryIndustry、MaterialsPaper cartridgeOrigins remain to be verified; the artifacts confirmed in this review date to no later than 1859MilitaryLever-action repeating rifle1860s: clearly documented examples in the Henry and Winchester linesMilitarySingle-shot breech-loading rifleMid-to-late 19th century: widespread use of single-shot breech-loading rifles with metallic cartridgesMilitaryMetallic cartridgesDeveloped in the mid-19th century; conversion applications around 1866 are the reference point verified in this reviewMaterials、MilitaryBolt-action repeating rifleLate 19th century: magazine-fed bolt-action rifles developed and became widespreadMilitaryCement rotary kiln firingGradually adopted in industrial cement production in the late 19th centuryEnergy、Industry、MaterialsElectric power systems and gridsCentral power stations appeared in 1882; scalable AC transmission systems took shape in the late 19th centuryEnergy、Industry、Information、TransportSemi-automatic riflesLate 19th to early 20th century: early self-loading rifles appearedMilitaryVacuum tube1904–1906Industry、InformationAutomatic rifleEarly 20th century: development of rifles capable of automatic fire, with the BAR as a representative exampleMilitaryDigital logic circuits1937–1948Industry、InformationAssault rifles1940s: designs such as the StG44 gave the modern assault rifle category a clear formMilitaryArtificial neural networksThe 1943 McCulloch–Pitts model of a logical neuron is an early reference pointInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyCentral processing unit1945–1951Industry、InformationMercury delay-line memory1947–1951Industry、InformationPoint-contact transistor1947–1948Industry、InformationJunction transistor1948–1952Industry、InformationStored-program computer1948–1951Industry、InformationMagnetic-core memory1949–1955Industry、InformationSymbolic artificial intelligenceTook shape gradually in the 1950s; a 1976 treatment of symbols and search offers a representative synthesisInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyMicroprogramming1951–1960Industry、InformationTransistorized computer1953–1961Industry、InformationSilicon transistor1954–1961Industry、InformationArtificial intelligenceNamed in the 1955 Dartmouth proposal; the research project took place in 1956Information、Mathematics and MethodologySemiconductor photolithography1955–1960Industry、InformationIntegrated circuits1958–1961Industry、InformationPerceptronRosenblatt's 1958 paper; this entry focuses on the single-layer classification modelInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyMachine learningSamuel's 1959 paper on learning in a board game is an early representative example, not the sole originInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyMOSFET1959–1960Industry、InformationPlanar process1959–1961Industry、InformationExpert systemsKnowledge-based systems such as DENDRAL developed in the 1960sInformation、Mathematics and MethodologySemiconductor memory1960–1971Industry、InformationTransistor-transistor logic1961–1964Industry、InformationCMOS1963–1975Industry、InformationMOS integrated circuit1964–1970Industry、InformationRead-only memory1965–1971Industry、InformationLarge-scale integration1967–1972Industry、InformationHeuristic searchEarlier explorations existed; the 1968 A* paper serves as this entry’s verified reference pointInformation、Mathematics and MethodologySilicon-gate process1968–1971Industry、InformationMicroprocessor1971–1972Industry、InformationBayesian networksDeveloped into a systematic approach in the 1980s; a 1986 paper and a 1988 book are representative worksInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyBackpropagationEarlier work on differentiation and training preceded it; a 1986 paper advanced representation learning in multilayer networksInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyReinforcement learningIts historical roots are earlier; the 1992 Q-learning paper is the representative milestone used in this entryInformation、Mathematics and MethodologySupport vector machinesThe 1995 support-vector networks paper is an important reference point for the mature methodInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyConvolutional neural networksResearch began earlier; the 1998 document-recognition paper serves as this entry’s engineering reference pointInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyDeep learningResearch on training deep models in 2006 and large-scale vision applications in 2012 are important development milestonesInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyLimestone calcined clay cement2009–2012: research on ternary systems; international technical validation began in 2014Industry、MaterialsDeep reinforcement learningThe 2015 DQN paper is a representative reference point for decision-making from pixel inputs; research began earlierInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyDiffusion generative models2015: the diffusion-based generative approach; 2020: representative DDPM image-generation resultsInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyReinforcement learning from human feedback2017: research on rewards learned from preferences; 2022: application to language-model instruction followingInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyTransformerThe architecture was proposed in Attention Is All You Need in 2017Information、Mathematics and MethodologyLarge language modelsLanguage models and pretraining existed earlier; the 2020 GPT-3 paper is a representative milestone in scalingInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyRetrieval-augmented generationThe paper naming RAG appeared in 2020; research combining retrieval and generation predates itInformation、Mathematics and MethodologyLanguage-model agentsRepresented by the 2022 ReAct preprint and 2023 conference paper; the concept of agents predates themInformation、Mathematics and Methodology

Find a path

Uses all published technologies, regardless of graph filters.